Web应用防护系统(也称:网站应用级入侵防御系统 。英文:Web Application Firewall,简称: WAF)。利用国际上公认的一种说法:Web应用 防火墙 是通过执行一系列针对HTTP/HTTPS的 安全策略 来专门为Web应用提供保护的一款产品。
1.2 WAF的功能网络防火墙作为访问控制设备,主要工作在OSI模型三、四层,基于IP报文进行检测。只是对端口做限制,对TCP协议做封堵。其产品设计无需理解HTTP会话,也就决定了无法理解Web应用程序语言如HTML、SQL语言。因此,它不可能对HTTP通讯进行输入验证或攻击规则分析。针对Web网站的恶意攻击绝大部分都将封装为HTTP请求,从80或443端口顺利通过防火墙检测。 一些定位比较综合、提供丰富功能的防火墙,也具备一定程度的应用层防御能力,如能根据TCP会话异常性及攻击特征阻止网络层的攻击,通过IP分拆和组合也能判断是否有攻击隐藏在多个数据包中,但从根本上说他仍然无法理解HTTP会话,难以应对如SQL注入、跨站脚本、cookie窃取、网页篡改等应用层攻击。 web应用防火墙能在应用层理解分析HTTP会话,因此能有效的防止各类应用层攻击,同时他向下兼容,具备网络防火墙的功能。
二、使用nginx配置简单实现403和4042.1 小试身手之rerurn 403修改nginx配置文件在server中加入以下内容
set $block_user_agent 0;
if ( $http_user_agent ~ "Wget|AgentBench"){
set $block_user_agent 1;
}
if ($block_user_agent = 1) {
return 403 ;
}
通过其他机器去wget,结果如下
2.2小试身手之rerurn 404在nginx配置文件中加入如下内容,让访问sql|bak|zip|tgz|tar.gz的请求返回404
location ~* "\.(sql|bak|zip|tgz|tar.gz)$"{
return 404
}
在网站根目录下放一个tar.gz [root@iZ28t900vpcZ www]# tar zcvf abc.tar.gz wp-content/ 通过浏览器访问结果如下,404已生效
三、深入实现WAF3.1 WAF实现规划分析步骤如下:解析HTTP请求==》匹配规则==》防御动作==》记录日志 具体实现如下:
由于nginx配置文件书写不方便,并且实现白名单功能很复杂,nginx的白名单也不适用于CC攻击,所以在这里使用nginx+lua来实现WAF,如果想使用lua,须在编译nginx的时候配置上lua,或者结合OpenResty使用,此方法不需要编译nginx时候指定lua
3.2.1 编译nginx的时候加载lua环境准备:Nginx安装必备的Nginx和PCRE软件包。
[root@nginx-lua ~]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@nginx-lua src]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.9.4.tar.gz
[root@nginx-lua src]# wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.37.tar.gz
其次,下载当前最新的luajit和ngx_devel_kit (NDK),以及春哥编写的lua-nginx-module
[root@nginx-lua src]# wget http://luajit.org/download/LuaJIT-2.0..tar.gz
[root@nginx-lua src]# wget https://github.com/simpl/ngx_devel_kit/archive/v0.2.19.tar.gz
[root@nginx-lua src]# wget https://github.com/openresty/lua-nginx-module/archive/v0.9.16.tar.gz
最后,创建Nginx运行的普通用户
[root@nginx-lua src]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin -M www
解压NDK和lua-nginx-module
[root@openstack-compute-node5 src]# tar zxvf v0.2.19.tar.gz
[root@openstack-compute-node5 src]# tar zxvf v0.9.16.tar.gz
安装LuaJIT Luajit是Lua即时编译器
[root@openstack-compute-node5 src]# tar zxvf LuaJIT-2.0.3.tar.gz
[root@openstack-compute-node5 src]# cd LuaJIT-2.0.3
[root@openstack-compute-node5 LuaJIT-2.0.3]# make && make install
安装Nginx并加载模块
[root@openstack-compute-node5 src]# tar zxvf nginx-1.9.4.tar.gz
[root@openstack-compute-node5 src]# cd nginx-1.9.4
[root@openstack-compute-node5 nginx-1.9.4]# export LUAJIT_LIB=/usr/local/lib
[root@openstack-compute-node5 nginx-1.9.4]# export LUAJIT_INC=/usr/local/include/luajit-2.0
[root@openstack-compute-node5 nginx-1.9.4]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=www --group=www --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-file-aio --with-http_dav_module --add-module=../ngx_devel_kit-0.2.19/ --add-module=../lua-nginx-module-0.9.16/ --with-pcre=/usr/local/src/pcre-8.37
[root@openstack-compute-node5 nginx-1.5.12]# make -j2 && make install
[root@openstack-compute-node5 ~]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libluajit-5.1.so.2 /lib64/libluajit-5.1.so.2 #一定创建此软连接,否则报错
安装完毕后,下面可以测试安装了,修改nginx.conf 增加第一个配置
location /hello {
default_type 'text/plain';
content_by_lua 'ngx.say("hello,lua")';
}
[root@openstack-compute-node5 ~]# /usr/local/nginx-1.9.4/sbin/nginx –t
[root@openstack-compute-node5 ~]# /usr/local/nginx-1.9.4/sbin/nginx
效果如下
3.2.3 Openresty部署安装依赖包
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ~]#yum install -y readline-devel pcre-devel openssl-devel
下载并编译安装openresty
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ~]#cd /usr/local/src
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ src]#wget https://openresty.org/download/ngx_openresty-1.9.3.2.tar.gz
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ src]#tar zxf ngx_openresty-1.9.3.2.tar.gz
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ src]#cd ngx_openresty-1.9.3.2
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ngx_openresty-1.9.3.2]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/openresty-1.9.3.2 --with-luajit --with-http_stub_status_module --with-pcre --with-pcre-jit
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ngx_openresty-1.9.3.2]#gmake && gmake install
ln -s /usr/local/openresty-1.9.3.2/ /usr/local/openresty
测试openresty安装
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ~]#vim /usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
server {
location /hello {
default_type text/html;
content_by_lua_block {
ngx.say("HelloWorld")
}
}
}
测试并启动nginx
3.2.4WAF部署
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ~]#/usr/local/openresty/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/openresty-1.9.3.2/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/openresty-1.9.3.2/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ~]#/usr/local/openresty/nginx/sbin/nginx
在github上克隆下代码
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ~]#git clone https://github.com/unixhot/waf.git
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ~]#cp -a ./waf/waf /usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/
修改Nginx的配置文件,加入(http字段)以下配置。注意路径,同时WAF日志默认存放在/tmp/日期_waf.log
#WAF
lua_shared_dict limit 50m; #防cc使用字典,大小50M
lua_package_path "/usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/waf/?.lua";
init_by_lua_file "/usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/waf/init.lua";
access_by_lua_file "/usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/waf/access.lua";
[root@openstack-compute-node5 ~]# /usr/local/openresty/nginx/sbin/nginx –t
[root@openstack-compute-node5 ~]# /usr/local/openresty/nginx/sbin/nginx
根据日志记录位置,创建日志目录
3.3学习模块3.3.1学习配置模块
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ~]#mkdir /tmp/waf_logs
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ ~]#chown nginx.nginx /tmp/waf_logs
WAF上生产之前,建议不要直接上生产,而是先记录日志,不做任何动作。确定WAF不产生误杀 config.lua即WAF功能详解
3.4 学习access.lua的配置
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ waf]# pwd
/usr/local/nginx/conf/waf
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ waf]# cat config.lua
--WAF config file,enable = "on",disable = "off"
--waf status
config_waf_enable = "on" #是否开启配置
--log dir
config_log_dir = "/tmp/waf_logs" #日志记录地址
--rule setting
config_rule_dir = "/usr/local/nginx/conf/waf/rule-config"
#匹配规则缩放地址
--enable/disable white url
config_white_url_check = "on" #是否开启url检测
--enable/disable white ip
config_white_ip_check = "on" #是否开启IP白名单检测
--enable/disable block ip
config_black_ip_check = "on" #是否开启ip黑名单检测
--enable/disable url filtering
config_url_check = "on" #是否开启url过滤
--enalbe/disable url args filtering
config_url_args_check = "on" #是否开启参数检测
--enable/disable user agent filtering
config_user_agent_check = "on" #是否开启ua检测
--enable/disable cookie deny filtering
config_cookie_check = "on" #是否开启cookie检测
--enable/disable cc filtering
config_cc_check = "on" #是否开启防cc攻击
--cc rate the xxx of xxx seconds
config_cc_rate = "10/60" #允许一个ip60秒内只能访问10此
--enable/disable post filtering
config_post_check = "on" #是否开启post检测
--config waf output redirect/html
config_waf_output = "html" #action一个html页面,也可以选择跳转
--if config_waf_output ,setting url
config_waf_redirect_url = "http://www.baidu.com"
config_output_html=[[ #下面是html的内容
网站防火墙
# 您的行为已违反本网站相关规定,注意操作规范。详情请联微信公众号:chuck-blog。
]]
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ waf]# pwd
/usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/waf
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ waf]# cat access.lua
require 'init'
function waf_main()
if white_ip_check() then
elseif black_ip_check() then
elseif user_agent_attack_check() then
elseif cc_attack_check() then
elseif cookie_attack_check() then
elseif white_url_check() then
elseif url_attack_check() then
elseif url_args_attack_check() then
--elseif post_attack_check() then
else
return
end
end
waf_main()
书写书序:先检查白名单,通过即不检测;再检查黑名单,不通过即拒绝,检查UA,UA不通过即拒绝;检查cookie;URL检查;URL参数检查,post检查;
3.5 启用WAF并测试3.5.1模拟sql注入即url攻击显示效果如下 日志显示如下,记录了UA,匹配规则,URL,客户端类型,攻击的类型,请求的数据
3.5.2 使用ab压测工具模拟防cc攻击
[root@linux-node3 ~]# ab -c 100 -n 100 http://www.chuck-blog.com/index.php
This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3
Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/
Benchmarking www.chuck-blog.com (be patient).....done
Server Software: openresty
Server Hostname: www.chuck-blog.com
Server Port: 80
Document Path: /index.php
Document Length: 0 bytes
Concurrency Level: 100
Time taken for tests: 0.754 seconds
Complete requests: 10
Failed requests: 90 #config.lua中设置的,60秒内只允许10个请求
Write errors: 0
Non-2xx responses: 90
Total transferred: 22700 bytes
HTML transferred: 0 bytes
Requests per second: 132.65 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 753.874 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 7.539 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 29.41 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 23 69 20.2 64 105
Processing: 32 180 144.5 157 629
Waiting: 22 179 144.5 156 629
Total: 56 249 152.4 220 702
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 220
66% 270
75% 275
80% 329
90% 334
95% 694
98% 701
99% 702
100% 702 (longest request)
```
###3.5.3 模拟ip黑名单
将请求ip放入ip黑名单中
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ rule-config]# echo “1.202.193.133” >>/usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/waf/rule-config/blackip.rule
显示结果如下
![](ca1fa711-48e6-4041-a367-b15db7bf2d2f_128_files/c71edccb-507c-4340-a1fc-ad03e300a2fa.png)
###3.5.4 模拟ip白名单
将请求ip放入ip白名单中,此时将不对此ip进行任何防护措施,所以sql注入时应该返回404
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ rule-config]# echo “1.202.193.133” >>/usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/waf/rule-config/whiteip.rule
四、防cc攻击利器之httpgrard4.1 httpgrard介绍
显示结果如下
![](ca1fa711-48e6-4041-a367-b15db7bf2d2f_128_files/3ded0e02-480f-48f4-8aab-41aff0fc5538.png)
###3.5.5 模拟URL参数检测
浏览器输入www.chuck-blog.com/?a=select * from table
显示结果如下
![](ca1fa711-48e6-4041-a367-b15db7bf2d2f_128_files/744e4a20-5558-43fc-9f50-1546cbc765a3.png)
详细规定在arg.rule中有规定,对请求进行了规范
```bash
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ rule-config]# /usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/waf/rule-config/cat args.rule
\.\./
\:\$
\$\{
select.+(from|limit)
(?:(union(.*?)select))
having|rongjitest
sleep\((\s*)(\d*)(\s*)\)
benchmark\((.*)\,(.*)\)
base64_decode\(
(?:from\W+information_schema\W)
(?:(?:current_)user|database|schema|connection_id)\s*\(
(?:etc\/\W*passwd)
into(\s+)+(?:dump|out)file\s*
group\s+by.+\(
xwork.MethodAccessor
(?:define|eval|file_get_contents|include|require|require_once|shell_exec|phpinfo|system|passthru|preg_\w+|execute|echo|print|print_r|var_dump|(fp)open|alert|showmodaldialog)\(
xwork\.MethodAccessor
(gopher|doc|php|glob|file|phar|zlib|ftp|ldap|dict|ogg|data)\:\/
java\.lang
\$_(GET|post|cookie|files|session|env|phplib|GLOBALS|SERVER)\[
\<(iframe|script|body|img|layer|div|meta|style|base|object|input)
(onmouseover|onerror|onload)\=
[root@iZ28t900vpcZ rule-config]# pwd
/usr/local/openresty/nginx/conf/waf/rule-config
HttpGuard是基于openresty,以lua脚本语言开发的防cc攻击软件。而openresty是集成了高性能web服务器Nginx,以及一系列的Nginx模块,这其中最重要的,也是我们主要用到的nginx lua模块。HttpGuard基于nginx lua开发,继承了nginx高并发,高性能的特点,可以以非常小的性能损耗来防范大规模的cc攻击。
4.2 httpgrard防cc特效原文链接:http://www.chuck-blog.com/chuck/303.html